C++中的struct和class的区别详解

  1. C++的struct和class的区别

  差异特性structclass成员访问范围默认public默认private继承关系访问范围默认public默认private{}初始化1、纯数据或纯数据+普通方法的结构体支持;2、带构造函数或虚方法的结构体不支持不支持

  1.1 成员访问范围的差异

  struct

  struct Person {

  int age;

  }

  Person person = new Person();

  person.age = 12;

  可以正常的编译和执行。

  class

  class Person {

  int age;

  }

  Person person = new Person();

  person.age = 12; // 编译出错,应改为public int age;

  【扩展】如果不增加public关键字,又想在某个类如ClassA中能访问到这个Person类中的成员,可以通过友元类(friend class Xxx)来将Person中的private和protected的成员共享出去。

  Person类可以这么编写:

  struct Person {

  friend class ClassA;

  int age;

  }

  Person person = new Person();

  person.age = 12;

  在ClassA中,就可以访问Person中的所有成员了。

  void ClassA:setAge() {

  Person *person = new Person();

  person->age = 12;

  }

  关于友元类的使用,可见c++论坛:https://cplusplus.com/forum/beginner/147733/

  1.1 继承关系访问范围的差异

  指的是子对象是否可访问到父对象中的成员。

  struct : struct

  struct SBase {

  public:

  int age = 0;

  SBase() = default;

  virtual ~SBase() = default;

  };

  struct Person : SBase {

  public:

  Person() = default;

  virtual ~Person() = default;

  };

  int main(int argc, const char **argv)

  {

  Person* child = new Person();

  child->age = 1;

  fprintf(stdout, "test: age=%d

  ", child->age);

  }

  访问正常:

  struct : class

  class CBase {

  public:

  int age = 0;

  CBase() = default;

  virtual ~CBase() = default;

  };

  struct Person : CBase {

  public:

  Person() = default;

  virtual ~Person() = default;

  };

  int main(int argc, const char **argv)

  {

  Person* child = new Person();

  child->age = 1;

  fprintf(stdout, "test: age=%d

  ", child->age);

  }

  访问正常。

  struct : private class

  class CBase {

  public:

  int age = 0;

  CBase() = default;

  virtual ~CBase() = default;

  };

  struct Person : private CBase {

  public:

  Person() = default;

  virtual ~Person() = default;

  };

  int main(int argc, const char **argv)

  {

  Person* child = new Person();

  child->age = 1;

  fprintf(stdout, "test: age=%d

  ", child->age);

  }

  编译错误:不可访问。

  class : class

  class CBase {

  public:

  int age = 0;

  CBase() = default;

  virtual ~CBase() = default;

  };

  class Person : CBase {

  public:

  Person() = default;

  virtual ~Person() = default;

  };

  int main(int argc, const char **argv)

  {

  Person* child = new Person();

  child->age = 1;

  fprintf(stdout, "test: age=%d

  ", child->age);

  }

  编译错误:不可访问。

  class : public class

  class CBase {

  public:

  int age = 0;

  CBase() = default;

  virtual ~CBase() = default;

  };

  class Person : public CBase {

  public:

  Person() = default;

  virtual ~Person() = default;

  };

  int main(int argc, const char **argv)

  {

  Person* child = new Person();

  child->age = 1;

  fprintf(stdout, "test: age=%d

  ", child->age);

  }

  访问正常。

  class : struct

  struct SBase {

  public:

  int age = 0;

  SBase() = default;

  virtual ~SBase() = default;

  };

  struct Person : SBase {

  public:

  Person() = default;

  virtual ~Person() = default;

  };

  int main(int argc, const char **argv)

  {

  Person* child = new Person();

  child->age = 1;

  fprintf(stdout, "test: age=%d

  ", child->age);

  }

  访问正常。

  class : public struct

  struct SBase {

  public:

  int age = 0;

  SBase() = default;

  virtual ~SBase() = default;

  };

  struct Person : public SBase {

  public:

  Person() = default;

  virtual ~Person() = default;

  };

  int main(int argc, const char **argv)

  {

  Person* child = new Person();

  child->age = 1;

  fprintf(stdout, "test: age=%d

  ", child->age);

  }

  访问正常。

  【总结】

  1.3 {}初始化的差异

  struct – 纯数据+一般方法

  struct StructA {

  void send();

  int a;

  long b;

  string str;

  };

  void StructA::send()

  {

  fprintf(stdout, "StructA: sending...

  ");

  }

  int main(int argc, const char **argv)

  {

  StructA aS = {12, 34, "a test"};

  aS.send();

  fprintf(stdout, "StructA: a=%d, b=%ld, str=%s

  ", aS.a, aS.b, aS.str.c_str());

  }

  可直接用{}初始化数据:

  struct – 带构造函数

  struct StructA {

  void send();

  int a;

  long b;

  string str;

  StructA();

  };

  void StructA::send()

  {

  fprintf(stdout, "StructA: sending...

  ");

  }

  int main(int argc, const char **argv)

  {

  StructA aS = {12, 34, "a test"};

  aS.send();

  fprintf(stdout, "StructA: a=%d, b=%ld, str=%s

  ", aS.a, aS.b, aS.str.c_str());

  }

  编译失败:

  struct – 带虚方法

  struct StructA {

  void virtual send();

  int a;

  long b;

  string str;

  };

  void StructA::send()

  {

  fprintf(stdout, "StructA: sending...

  ");

  }

  int main(int argc, const char **argv)

  {

  StructA aS = {12, 34, "a test"};

  aS.send();

  fprintf(stdout, "StructA: a=%d, b=%ld, str=%s

  ", aS.a, aS.b, aS.str.c_str());

  }

  编译失败:

  class

  class ClassA {

  int a;

  long b;

  string str;

  };

  int main(int argc, const char **argv)

  {

  ClassA cA = {12, 34, "a test"};

  }

  编译失败:

  2. 拓展 :C和C++的struct的区别

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